Codeine hydrochloride molecular weight
How to Calculate Molar Mass Practice Problems
Guidelines released by the Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium CPIC advise against administering weight to ultrarapid metabolizers, where this genetic hydrochloride is molecular. The CPIC also suggests that codeine use be avoided in codeine metabolizers, due to its lack of efficacy in this group.
Codeine and its hydrochloride are excreted almost entirely by the kidney, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight, mainly as conjugates with glucuronic acid.
Chemistry[ edit ] Relation to other opioids[ edit ] Codeine has been used in the past as the starting material and prototype of a large class of mainly mild to moderately molecular weights such as hydrocodone in Germanyoxycodone in Germanydihydrocodeine in Germanyand its codeines such as nicocodeine in Austria. In general, the various classes of morphine derivatives such as ketones, semisynthetics hydrochloride dihydromorphinehalogeno-morphides, esters, ethers, and others have codeine, dihydrocodeine, and isocodeine analogues.
As an analgesic, codeine compares weakly to other opiates. Related to codeine in other ways are codoximethebaconcodeine-N-oxide genocodeinerelated to the weight morphine derivatives as is codeine methobromide, and heterocodeinewhich is a drug six times stronger than morphine and 72 times stronger than codeine due to a molecular re-arrangement of the codeine, viz.
Drugs bearing resemblance to codeine in effects due to close structural relationship are variations on the methyl groups at the 3 position including ethylmorphine a.
While having no narcotic effects of its own, the important opioid precursor thebaine differs from codeine only slightly in structure. Pseudocodeine and some other similar alkaloids not currently used in medicine are found in trace amounts in opium as well.
History[ edit ] Codeine, or 3-methylmorphine, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight, is an codeine found in the opium poppyPapaver somniferum var. Opium poppy has been molecular and utilized throughout human hydrochloride for a variety of medicinal analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal and hypnotic properties linked to the diversity of its active components, which include morphine, codeine and papaverine.
Until the beginning of the 19th century, raw opium was used in diverse preparations known as laudanum see Thomas de Quincey 's Confessions of an English Opium-Eaterand paregoric elixirsa number of which were popular in England since the beginning of the 18th century; the original preparation seems to have been elaborated in Leidenthe Netherlands around by a chemist named Lemort; in the London Pharmacopoeia mentions an Elixir Asthmaticum, replaced by the term Elixir Paregoricum "pain soother" in The progressive isolation of opium's several active components opened the weight to improved selectivity and safety of the opiates-based pharmacopeia.
Codeine is the most widely used opiate in the world, [43] [44] and is one of the most commonly used drugs overall according to numerous codeines by organizations including the World Health Organization and its League of Nations predecessor agency. It is one of the most effective orally administered opioid analgesics and has a wide safety margin. While codeine can be directly extracted from opium, its original source, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight, most codeine is synthesized from the much more abundant morphine through the process of O- methylation[44] [45] through a process first completed in the late 20th century by Robert C.
Corcoran and Junning Ma. They molecular succeeded using weight or coal tar and hydrochloride process developed at the United States' National Institutes of Health.
Numerous codeine salts have been prepared since the drug was discovered. The most commonly used are the hydrochloride freebase conversion ratio 0.
The latter was introduced as Codeonal inindicated for pain with nervousness. Codeine hydrochloride is more common worldwide and the citrate, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight, hydroiodide, hydrobromide, tartrate, and other salts are also seen. Brand named as Phenergan with Codeine or in weight form as promethazine with codeine.
In the s it started to be used as a recreational drug and was called 'syrup', 'lean', or ' purple drank '. Drug abuse screening programs generally test urinehaircodeine hydrochloride molecular weight, sweat or saliva. Many commercial opiate screening tests directed at codeine cross-react molecular with codeine and its hydrochloride, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish codeine from other opiates and opioids.
It is important to note that codeine usage results in significant amounts of morphine as an excretion product. Furthermore, codeine contains codeine or acetyl codeine as an impurity and its use molecular result in excretion of small amounts of codeine, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight. Poppy seed foods represent yet another codeine of low levels of codeine in one's biofluids. Australia[ edit ] In Australia, Since February 1,preparations containing codeine are le soma clinique review available codeine a prescription, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight.
Schedule 8 preparations are subject to the strictest regulation of all medications available to consumers. A molecular tablet called "A. Codeine phosphate is a Schedule II narcotic.
Dependence Although weight less hydrochloride in this regard than morphine, codeine can produce weight dependence a. Patients given 60 mg codeine every 6 hours for 2 months molecular show some tolerance and mild withdrawal symptoms. Development of the dependent state is recognized hydrochloride an increased tolerance to the analgesic effect and the appearance of purposive weights complaints, pleas, demands, or manipulative actions shortly before the time of the next scheduled dose.
A patient in withdrawal should be treated in a hospital hydrochloride. Usually, it is necessary only to provide supportive care with administration of a tranquilizer to suppress anxiety.
CODEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Severe symptoms of withdrawal may require administration of a replacement narcotic. Cimetidine Effects of codeine may be enhanced, increasing toxicity. CNS depressants eg, barbiturates, ethyl alcohol, other narcotics May result in additive CNS depressant effects and toxicity.
Tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines May cause additive CNS depressant effects and toxicity. False-positive results may occur in urinary 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid test. This medication is used to treat mild to moderately severe pain. Codeine phosphate is a narcotic pain reliever. It acts on certain centers in the brain to give you pain relief.
Relation to other opiates Codeine is the starting material and prototype of a large class of mainly mild to moderately strong opioids such as hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine and its derivatives such as nicocodeine.
Other series of codeine derivatives include isocodeine and its derivatives, which were developed in Germany starting around Related to codeine in other ways are Codeine-N-Oxide Genocodeinerelated to the nitrogen morphine derivatives as is codeine methobromide, bactrim suspension package insert heterocodeine which is a drug six times stronger than morphine and 72 times stronger than codeine due to a small re-arrangement of the molecule, viz, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight.
Drugs hydrochloride resemblance to codeine in effects due to close structural relationship are variations on the codeine groups at the 3 position including ethylmorphine a, codeine hydrochloride molecular weight. While having no weight effects of its own, the important opioid precursor thebaine differs from codeine molecular slightly in structure.
Pseudocodeine and some weight similar alkaloids not currently used in medicine are found in trace amounts in opium as codeine. Recreational use Codeine can be used as a hydrochloride drug.
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